Unix Komutları(Solaris, Red Hat, Ubuntu/Debian, HP-UX, AIX)

Yazar: G. KELEŞ Kategori: İşletim Sistemleri, Linux, Unix 11 Ekim 2016 0 3,043 Görüntülenme

Common Unix Commands

Sysinfo	Display system information i.e cpu, memory, etc
Memory and Swap	Information regarding the physical memory and swap area
Disks, Filesystems and Devices	Displaying disk information, filesystems
Networking	Display and configuring network parameters
Crash Dump	Configure, display and use the crash dump utiltities
Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics	List, Monitor and trace processes
Kernel Modules and Parameters	Displaying, modifying and tuning kernel parameters
Services	Display, start and stop services
Patching / Packages	Installing and removing patches and software packages
Accounts	Setting up and removing user accounts
NFS	Information on NFS i.e starting, stopping, etc
NTP	Network Time Protocol
Log Files	Location to common log files
Security	Security information
Misc	Other stuff i.e shutdown, timezone, run level, etc

sysinfo

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP-UX	AIX
Server Release info	cat /etc/release	cat /etc/enterprise-release cat /etc/redhat-releaselsb_release -a cat /proc/version	cat /etc/lsb-release lsb_release -a	/stand/kernrel	oslevel -r	Server Release info
Server type	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v	dmidecode	dmidecode	model uname -a	prtconf \| grep -i ‘System Model’	Server type
Hardware Info	prtdiag -v prtconf -D prtpicl -v [-c <class>]picl = platform information and control library	lspci lsusb lshalNote: hal = hardware abstraction layer	lspci lsusb lshal	ioscan ioscan -fun [disk\|tape\|lan]/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	lscfg -v lscfg -l ent0 lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter)lsdev lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 lsslot -c [pci\|phb\|port] lsslot -c pci -l ent0 lspath -l hdisk0 diag	Hardware Info
Operating System	uname -a	uname -a	uname -a	uname -a	oslevel [-r\|-s]	Operating System
Memory	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v prtconf \| grep -i mem	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -omcat /proc/slabinfo	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -omcat /proc/slabinfo	dmesg \| grep -i physical /usr/sam/lbin/getmem /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifestcat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	prtconf -m prtconf \|grep -i memory lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem bootinfo -r	Memory
CPU (type, number, etc)	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v ## display,offline,online psrinfo psradm -f 0 (offline) psradm -n 0 (online)	cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)	cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)	/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest sam -> performance monitors -> system propertiescat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	prtconf \|grep -i processor	CPU (type, number, etc)
Disk Drives	format prtvtoc <device>format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) Note: EFI – Extensible Firmware Interface SMI – Sun Microsystems Inc	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe -s <device>smartctl -a <device>	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>	ioscan -funC disk	lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller) lsdev -Cc disk -S [a\|d\|s] (available, defined, stopped)lscfg -v -l hdisk0	Disk Drives
Kernel File and associated directories	/kernel/genunix /platform/`uname -m`/kernel /platform/i86pc/kernel /kernel /usr/kernel	/boot/initrd.?????.img /boot/vmlinuz	/boot/initrd.img-?????-server /boot/vmlinuz-????-server	/stand/vmunix	/unix /usr/lib/boot /usr/lib/drivers Note: /unix – symbolic link to kernel file i.e /usr/lib/boot/unix_64	Kernel File
Kernel 32 or 64	isainfo -kv (solaris 9+) isalist (sparc v9 will be listed first) isainfo -b	uname -a uname -m getconf -a \|grep -i ‘long_bit’ cat /proc/version	uname -a uname -m getconf -a \|grep -i ‘long_bit’	getconf KERNEL_BITS ( version 11) /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest \|grep -i ‘os mode’HPUX < version 11 all 32 bit Note: determine if system supports 64 bit getconf HW_CPU_SUPP_BITS /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest \|grep -i ‘hw capability’	prtconf -k bootinfo -K	Kernel 32 or 64
Display Firmware	At the OK prompt type banner	boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)	boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)	workstations: reboot enter PDC type: IN (information menu) type: FV (Firmware Version)	prtconf \|grep -i firmware lscfg -pv invscout	Display Firmware
Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA	n/a	/proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/dma	/proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/dma	n/a	prtconf	Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA
GUI admin tool	admintool	linuxconf	linuxconf	sam	smit smitty	GUI admin tool

Memory and Swap

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Memory	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v prtconf \| grep -i mem	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om	dmesg \| grep -i physical /usr/sam/lbin/getmem /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifestcat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	prtconf -m prtconf \|grep -i memory lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem bootinfo -r	Memory
page size (memory)	/usr/bin/pagesize	/usr/bin/getconf -a\| egrep -i ‘pagesize\|page_size’	/usr/bin/getconf -a\| egrep -i ‘pagesize\|page_size’	dmesg \|grep -i physical	pagesize pagesize -a (display all supported pagesizes)	page size (memory)
display swap	swap -l swap -s	cat /proc/swaps (detailed) swapon -s	cat /proc/swaps (detailed) swapon -s	swapinfo (displayed in KB) swapinfo -m (display in Mb) swapinfo -tm (total / Mb)	lsps -a (detailed) lsps -s	display swap
adding swap	mkfile 5m /var/swapfile swap -a /var/swapfileupdate /etc/vfstab	device: create partition with fdisk (type 82) file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000mkswap <device>\|<file> swapon <device>\|<file> update /etc/fstab	device: create partition with fdisk (type 82) file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000mkswap <device>\|<file> swapon <device>\|<file> update /etc/fstab	Create logical volume or filesystem swapon <device> \| -f <logical device> swapon -p 3 <device> \| -f <logical device> update /etc/fstab Note: -p = priority swap number . The nswapdevtunable system parameter controls the maximum number of swap devices.	mkps -a -s 4 -n <volume group> # change the attributes chps -a n paging00 (don’t use after restart) # change the logical volume attributes (name in this case) chlv -n <new name> <old old> (chang page space name) Note: -a reconfigure paging space after restart -s size of the page space (logical partitions) -n activiates the paging space (use swapoff to deactivate) also see /etc/swapspaces file	adding swap
removing swap	update /etc/vfstab swap -d	swapoff <device>\|<file> Remove device or file as normal	swapoff <device>\|<file> Remove device or file as normal	remove entry from /etc/fstab reboot	swapoff /dev/paging00 rmps paging00Note: paging space must be deactiviated before removing	removing swap

Disks, Filesystems and Devices

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Disk Drives	format prtvtoc <device> cfgadm -al fcinfo hba-port luxadm probe mpathadm list initiator-port mpathadm show <initiator-port name> iscsiadm list initiator-node iscsiadm list discoveryformat -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) Note: EFI – Extensible Firmware Interface SMI – Sun Microsystems Inc	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>udevadm info -q all -n /dev/sda1 blkid dmsetup [ls\|info]	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>	ioscan -funC disk	lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller) lsdev -Cc disk -S [a\|d\|s] (available, defined,stopped)lscfg -v -l hdisk0	Disk Drives
Disk serial Number, type, etc	format iostat -En luxadm inq <disk> (A5x00 disk arrays)	hdparm -i /dev/hda hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed)hdparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi	hdparm -i /dev/hda hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed)haparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi	diskinfo -v /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0 (detailed but no serial number) /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest (no serial number)## Insure that the online diagnostic support tools have been installed swlist -l bundle \| grep ‘Support Tools’ ## Command-Line Support Tools Manager (cstm) ## The run cstm cstm cstm> map cstm> sel dev 4 (select the disk of you choice) cstm> info cstm> il (obtain the serial number) cstm> quit	lscfg -vl hdisk0 lscfg -vl hdisk*	Disk serial Number, type, etc
Disk disk partitions	prtvtoc <device> cat /etc/vfstab	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server)cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server)cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab	lvlnboot -v /dev/vg00 lifls -Clv <device># Display the LIF contents lifcp /dev/dsk/c0t6d0:AUTO – cat /etc/fstab Note: Boot programs are stored in the boot area in Logical Interchange Format (LIF), which is similar to a file system. For a device to be bootable, the LIF volume on that device must contain at least the ISL (the initial system loader) and HPUX (the HP-UX bootstrap utility) LIF files. ISL is like GRUB.	lsvg -l rootvg lchangelvcat /etc/filesystems	Disk disk partitions
List Raw Partitions	use format to partition the disk then just use the slice as a raw partition, remember to use the character device	## Old way /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices service rawdevices start chkconfig rawdevices on## New way, Edit below file /etc/udev/rules.d/60-raw.rules udevinfo -d or udevadm info ## Display raw partitions raw -qa	mknod /dev/rawctl c 162 0 mknod /dev/raw/raw0 c 162 1 mknod /dev/raw/raw1 c 162 2 ln -s /dev/rawctl /dev/raw/rawctl## map raw devices to the disk raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1 ## display raw devices raw -qa	Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem – that’s it.	Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem # create a raw volume mklv -y rawVolume vg01 10	List Raw Partitions
Bad Blocks	format (use analyse )	badblocks	badblocks	dd if=/dev/rdsk/cXtYd0 of=/dev/null bs=1024K Note: no errors means disk is good	chlv -b [y\|n] <lv> Note: enables bad block relocation
Filesystem commands	df -k df -h	df -k df -h	df -k df -h	bdf df [-egiklnvfb]	df -k lsfs [<filesystem>] lsfs -q <filesystem> (detailed)	Filesystem commands
Filesystem (create\|remove)	newfs -v <raw device> # Display how the filesystem was created newfs -Nv <filesystem>	mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1# all point to mke2fs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4 cat /etc/mke2fs.conf	mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1	newfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1 mkfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1 Note: mkfs and newfs are a pointer to /sbin/fs_wrapper	crfs -v jfs2 -d data02lv -m /data02 -A yes -v filesystem type -d device or logical volume -m mountpoint -A mount after restart [yes\|no] rmfs -ri /data02 -r remove the mountpoint -i display warning before removing chfs -a size=+1G /var (grow by additional 1GB) chfs -a size=1G /var (grow to 1GB in size)	Filesystem (create\|remove\|resize)
Tune Filesystems	tunefs fstyp -v <device> \|grep -i minfree	tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1# change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1	tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1# change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1	tunefs -v <filesystem> vxtunefs -v <filesystem> fstyp -v <filesystem># Disk fragmentation fsadm -F vxfs -E / (report) fsadm -F vxfs -e / (defrag)	chfs Note: you can perform the following resize freeze change mountpoint permissions lots more…………………………	Tune Filesystems
Force fsck	# Check to see filesystem needs checking fstyp -v <filesystem> \| grep fsclean	touch /forcefsck shutdown -Fr now fsck.mode=force (kernel parameter)tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> \|grep -i ‘filesystem state’	touch /forcefsck shutdown -r nowtune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> \|grep -i ‘filesystem state’ # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes	# Look at the second line to see if a filesystem # needs checking tunefs -v <filesystem>	n/a	Force fsck
backup filesystem	ufsdump\|ufsrestore tar dd cpio	dump/restore tar dd cpio	dump/restore tar dd cpio	fbackup/frecover dump/restore ftio tar dd cpio	backup\|restore tar dd cpio	backup filesystem
Display the boot device	eeprom \|grep boot-device prtconf -pv \|grep bootpath prtpicl -v\|grep ‘:bootpath’	cat /boot/grub/grub.conf cat /etc/lilo.confgrub = grand unified boot loader lilo = linux loader	cat /boot/grub/menu.lst	setboot	bootinfo -b (display last boot device) bootlist -m [normal\|service] -o (display bootable devices)	Display the boot device
Setting the boot device	setenv boot-device [<device>\|<alias>] eeprom boot-device [<device>\|<alias>]	/boot/grub/grub.conf /etc/lilo.conf	/boot/grub/menu.lst	setboot -p <primary path> setboot -a <alternate path># autoboot sequnce setboot -b [on\|off]	bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1	Setting the boot device
Creating boot device (MBR)	installboot /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk <raw-device>	grub-install <raw-device> lilo -v	grub-install <raw-device>	mkboot -l <device> Note: we are treating the disk as a LVM device	bosboot -a (uses default device) bosboot -ad hdisk1	Creating boot device (MBR)
Format floppy drive	fdformat -v -U volcheck -v newfs -v /vol/disk/aliases/floppy0	floppy –probe (use device obtained below ) floppy –createrc > /etc/fd0 floppy –format /dev/fd0 mkfs /dev/fd0	n/a	n/a	format -d /dev/rfd0 format -d /dev/fd0.18 (high format)	Format floppy drive
mount/unmount floppy	volrmmount -l floppy0 eject floppy	mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy umount /mnt/floppy	n/a	n/a	mount /dev/rfd0 /floppy	mount/unmount floppy
mount/unmount CDROM	mount -F hsfs -o ro <device path> /cdrom/cdrom0 umount /cdrom/cdrom0/etc/init.d/volmgr start eject cdrom	mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom	mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom	mount -rF cdfs /dev/dsk/c1t6d0 /cdrom start: /usr/sbin/pps_mountd pps_mount	mount -v cdrfs -r /dev/cd0 /cdrom umount /cdrom	mount/unmount CDROM
mount/umount ISO image	lofiadm -a <iso image> /dev/lofi/1 mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt# to list lofiadm
remount a filesystem	n/a	mount -o remount,rw /	mount -o remount,rw /	mount_vxfs -o remount,ro <filesystem>	mount -o remount,rw <filesystem> Note:I did find a note that it should be possible to remount a jfs2 filesystem, but it did not work on my system	remount a filesystem
create boot disk or recovery tape	n/a	mkbootdisk `uname -r` (boot diskette)	n/a	recovery tape (preview) make_tape_recovery -v -l -x inc_entire=vg00 /opt/ignite/bin/make_recovery -ACv	mksysb	create boot disk or recovery tape
boot cdrom/diskette (single user)	ok> boot cdrom -s	using the grub window append the word singleto the kernel line	using the grub window append the word singleto the kernel line	enter PDC > search >boot p1 (cdrom) interact with IPL? Y ISL> hpux -is	based on a 9114-275 workstation Restart the machine. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices begin to initialize here. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit the F5 button or the 5 key depending on your console. Choose “default boot list ” when the maintenance screen comes up.	boot cdrom/diskette (single user)
boot into maintenace mode	ok> boot -as	f10 or f12	f10 or f12	>boot pri interact with IPL? Y ISL> hpux -lm	based on a 9114-275 workstation Restart the machine. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices begin to initialize here. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit the F5 button or the 5 key depending on your console. Choose “select boot options ” when the maintenance screen comes up, then option 1, then option 1 for scsi, then option 3 service mode boot	boot into maintenace mode
Device paths	floppy: disk: /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 tape: /dev/rmt/0ucb cdrom: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /dev/scd0 (external usb cd)	floppy: /dev/fd0 disk: /dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb tape: cdrom: /dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)	floppy: /dev/fd0disk: /dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb tape: cdrom: /dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)	floppy: n/adisk: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0 tape: /dev/dsk/rmt/0 cdrom: /dev/dsk/c1t6d0	floppy: /dev/fd0 /dev/rfd0disk: /dev/hdisk0 tape: cdrom: /dev/cd0	Device paths
update /dev directory	drvconfig devlinks disks\|tapes\|portsdevfsadm ( solaris 8, 9, 10)	/dev/MAKEDEV <device>	/dev/MAKEDEV <device>	insf -C tape (Class) insf -H 0.1.0 -e (recreate deleted link)	cfgmgr cfgmgr -l scsi0mkdev	update /dev directory
remove or change a device	rem_drv			# remove all devices from a hardward path rmsf -k -H 52.6.0	rmdev rmdev -l cd0chdev chdev -l rmt0 -a ret=no	remove or change a device
list device drivers	prtconf -D sysdef	cat /proc/devices	cat /proc/devices	lsdev	lsdev lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0lsslot -c pci -l ent0 lscfg lscfg -l ent0 lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter) lspath -l hdisk0 getconf DISK_SIZE hdisk1 (detailed)	list device drivers

Networking

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Basic network information (hostname, ip address)	/etc/hostname.hme0	/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0	/etc/network/interfaces	/etc/rc.config.d/netconf	stores information in the ODM (Object Database Manager)	Basic network information (hostname, ip address)
displaying network interfaces	prtdiag -v ifconfig -akstat hme:0:parameters:<param name> kstat e1000g:0:parameters:<param name> module:instance:name:statistics # Solaris 11 netadm list dladm show-phys dladm show-link dladm show-linkprop dladm show-vnic dladm show-etherstub ipadm show-if ipadm show-ifprop ipadm show-addr ipadm show-addrprop	ifconfig system-config-network (GUI)	ifconfig	ioscan -funC lan (list hardware) lanscan -v (list configured) ifconfig lan0 (individual)	ifconfig -a entstat -d <interface> lsdev -Cc if lsdev -Cc tcpip odmget -q “name=en0” CuAt lsattr -EHl en0	displaying network interfaces
Configure network interface	ifconfig # Solaris 11 – Automatic (using profiles) netadm enable -p ncp Automatic netcfg (use by Automatic) # Solaris 11 – Manual netadm enable -p ncp DefaultFixed netcfg dladm create-vnic dladm delete-vnic dladm rename-link dladm create-etherstub ipadm create-ip net1 ipadm create-addr -T static -a 192.168.0.110/24 net1/pfv ipadm delete-ip ipadm delete-addr	ifconfig	ifconfig	ifconfig <interface>	mktcpip (completely setup a network interface) rmtcpip (remove all network interfaces)# configure an interface mktcpip -h aix1 -a 192.168.1.200 -m 255.255.255.0 -i en1 -g 192.168.0.10 -h – hostname assigned to interface -a – ip address -m – netmask -i – interface name -g – gateway ip address # remove an interface ifconfig en1 detach ifconfig (configures IP address) chdev (add aliases to network interface)	Configure network interface
Starting and stopping a network interface	ifconfig qfe0 up ifconfig qfe0 down	/sbin/ifup eth0 /sbin/ifdown eth0	/sbin/ifup eth0 /sbin/ifdown eth0	ifconfig lan0 up ifconfig lan0 downnote: there is no “ifconfig -a” in hpux use lanscan then “ifconfig <interface>”	ifconfig en0 up ifconfig en0 down ifconfig en0 detach (remove)	Starting and stopping a network interface
Setting NIC speed	ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> (dynamically) /etc/system (edit and update then reboot – permanent)	mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0 ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full	ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full	ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> lanadmin -X <option> lan0	chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=1000_Full_Duplex -P chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=Auto_Negotiation -PNote: entX – physical device enX – frame type run on entX	Setting NIC speed
Change NIC parameters	ndd -get <device> <parm> # List parameters ndd -get /dev/hme \? ndd -get /dev/e1000g0 \? ndd -get /dev/ip \? ndd -get /dev/tcp \?	mii-tool -v ethtool eth1 ethtool -t eth0 onlinesysctl -a \| grep net*	ethtool eth0 sysctl -a \|grep net*	lanadmin -> lan -> display ## options supported ndd -get /dev/ip ? ndd -get /dev/tcp ? ndd -get /dev/arp ? ndd -get /dev/udp ?	netstat -v entstat -d <interface>no -a no -o “ipforwarding=1”	NIC speeds or Parameters
Display NIC statistics				netstat -i [-I interface] netstat -s	netstat -i [-f inet] netstat -s entstat -d <interface>	Display network statistics
display MAC address	ifconfig -a (as user root)	ifconfig system-config-network (GUI)	ifconfig	lanscan	netstat -ia	display MAC address
Displaying network packets	snoop -d <interface>	tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed)	tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed)	nettl -start nettl -status all nettl -tn pduin pduout -e ns_ls_driver -file /var/adm/LAN nettl -stopuse netfmt to display the trace file	tcpdump -i <interface> iptrace -i <interface> <output file> ipreport (used with iptrace to view reports) Note: you must stop the iptrace by using “kill -15”	Displaying network packets
default router	/etc/defaultrouter route add default <gateway> route -p add default <gateway> (persist changes)	edit /etc/sysconfig/network add: GATEWAY=<IP address>	edit /etc/network/interfaces add: gateway <IP address>	/etc/rc.config.d/netconf	route add 0 <gateway IP address> Note: there is no file that holds the default router	default router
display routing table	netstat -rn	netstat -rn route -n	netstat -rn route -n	netstat -rn	netstat -rn netstat -r -f inet lsattr -EHl inet0 -a route	display routing table
Test IPMP, Bonding	if_mpadm -d (detach) if_mpadm -r (reattach)tail /var/adm/messages	ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1 (reattach)cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 # create bonding /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0 # modprobe /etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf # for bonding options – use BONDING_OPTS /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0 # see bonding mode cat /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode	ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1 (reattach)cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0	You buy an optional product called Auto-Port Aggragation.	smitty etherchannel (creates, deletes and tests) entstat -d ent0	Test IPMP, Bonding
change the hostname	change the following files: /etc/nodename /etc/hostname.<interface> /etc/inet/hosts /etc/inet/ipnodes /etc/net – few files in here as well # Solaris 11 svccfg -s system/identity:node listprop config/nodename svcfg -s system/identity:node setprop config/nodename = astring: hostname svcadm refresh system/identity:node svcadm restart indentity:node	/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/hostssysctl -a \|grep hostname	/etc/hostname /etc/hostssysctl -a \|grep hostname	set_parms hostname (requires reboot)	hostname <new hostname> chdev -l inet0 -a hostname=<hostname>	change the hostname
setup DNS	/etc/resolv.conf # Solaris 11 – You need to use the svccfg command svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/nameserver svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/search svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/host svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/password svcprop <pattern> Note: just use listprop on its own to view all options svccfg -s “dns/client” setprop “config/nameserver = net_address: (192.168.0.1)” svccfg -s “dns/client” setprop ‘config/domain = astring: (“datadisk.co.uk”)’ svccfg -s “name-service/switch” setprop ‘config/host = astring: “file dns”‘ svcadm refresh name-service/switch svcadm refresh dns/client	/etc/resolv.conf	/etc/resolv.conf	/etc/resolv.conf	/etc/resolv.conf	setup DNS
Name service switch file (DNS client)	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf# Solaris 11 – you need to use the svccfg command see above	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/netsvc.conf /etc/resolv.conf /etc/irs.conf (may not be there)chnamsv (change name service) rmnamsv (remove a name service) lsnamsv -C (list name services)	Name service switch file (DNS client)
Flush DNS cache	svcadm restart system/name-service-cache:default	## if installed service nscd restart		n/a	netcdctrl -t dns -e hosts -f	Flush DNS cache
Domain Name	/etc/defaultdomain	/etc/sysconfig/network (HOSTNAME option) /etc/resolv.confNote: for NIS use the NISDOMAIN option	/etc/host /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/rc.config.d/netconf	domainname <domainname>	Domain Name
Obtain IP Address routing	route -n get <hostname> traceroute	ip route get <IP address> traceroute	ip route get <IP address> traceroute	n/a	route -n get <hostname>	Obtain IP Address routing
Find Services on the network	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1	Find Services on the network

Crash Dump

Solaris

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

AIX

Crash Dump

dumpadm -d <device>
coreadmcrash (used to analyse crash dumps)
adb (used to analyse crash dumps)

diskdump
netdump
kdump (part of kexec rpm)/etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go)
service kdump start
chkconfig kdump on

## to crash the system
echo “c” > /proc/sysrq-trigger

crash (used to analyse crash dumps)

diskdump
netdump
kdump (part of kexec rpm)/etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go)
service kdump start
chkconfig kdump on

## to crash the system
echo “c” > /proc/sysrq-trigger

crash (used to analyse crash dumps)

edit /stand/system

add either:
dump 2/0/1.5.0
dump lvol
dump none

# crash config file
/etc/rc.config.d/savecrash

sysdumpdev -l (list dump destination)
sysdumpdev -e (estimates dumpsize)
sysdumpdev -L (info)sysdumpstart -p (start dump primary)
sysdumpstart -s (start dump secondary)

# set the dump device permanently
sysdumpdev -p <dump device> -P

# analyse dump file
echo “stat\n status\n t -m” | crash /var/adm/ras/vmcore.0

Crash Dump

Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
CPU	top (sunfreeware) prstat sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat	top sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat procinfo oprofile cat /proc/cpuinfo	top sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat procinfo cat /proc/cpuinfo	top sar w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat glance sam	topas -P topas -L (logical partitions) mpstat sar -c w (load average) uptime (load average) lparstat ps iostat -tT 1 tprof curt	CPU
Memory	prstat vmstat top sar	free vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo	free vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo	top vmstat sar sam glance	topas vmstat sar -b svmon ps ipcs -a lockstat (version 4) rmss	Memory
Network	ndd netstat lsof snoop route	ethtool mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf nmap	ethtool mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf	netstat lanadmin sam glance	[ent\|tok\|fddi\|atm]stat netstat netpmon (trcstop to stop trace)	Network I/O
Disk	sar -d iostat vmstat lsof	sar -d iostat vmstat lsof	sar -d iostat vmstat lsof	iostat sar sam glance	topas -D (disk) topas -F (filesystem) iostat sar -D fcstat (fibre) lvmstat filemon (trcstop to stop) fileplace# disk stat history chdev -l sys0 -a iostat=true lsattr -HEl sys0 -a iostat	Disk I/O
Application	truss -p <pid> ppriv -D -e <command>	strace -p <pid>	strace -p <pid>	download and install tusc tusc -p <pid>	topas truss sar probevue tprof svmon -P <pid>	Application
NFS	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	NFS
Process	top prstat ps -ef pargs <pid> pcred <pid> pfiles <pid> pflags <pid> pgrep <pattern> pkill <pattern> pmap <pid> pldd <pid> preap <pid> prun <pid> psig <pid> pstack <pid> pstop <pid> ptime <pid> ptree <pid> pwait <pid> pwdx<pid>

Kernel Modules and Parameters

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display loaded modules	modinfo	cat /proc/modules (more detailed) lsmod modinfo <module> Location: /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.d	cat /proc/modules (more detailed) lsmodLocation: /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.d/options /etc/modprobe.d	kmadmin -k	genkex	display loaded modules
load modules	modload -p drv/<module name>	modprobe <module> insmod	modprobe <module> insmod	kmadmin -L <module name>	n/a	load modules
unload modules	modunload -i <module number>	modprobe -r <module> rmmod	modprobe -r <module> rmmod	kmadmin -U <module name> kmadmin -u <module id>	n/a	unload modules
set kernel parameters (tuning)	/etc/system (edit and reboot)	/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot) sysctl -p <filename>sysctl -w param=value No reboot (dynamically): echo “250 32000 100 28” > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo “536870912” > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo “4096” > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo “2097152” > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc………………………………………	/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot) sysctl -p <filename>sysctl -w param=value No reboot (dynamically): echo “250 32000 100 28” > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo “536870912” > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo “4096” > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo “2097152” > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc………………………………………	kcweb (11i) kctune (11i only) rebuild kernel (< 11i see below)	chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value> no -a (network) vmo -a (virtual memory) nfso -a (NFS) ioo -a (Input/Ouput) raso -a (reliability, availability, serviceability) schedo -a (processor scheduler)vi /etc/security/limits cd /etc/tunables tunchange, tundefault, tunsave, tunrestore, tuncheck Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example memory segments are dynamically adjusted	set kernel parameters
display kernel parameters	cat /etc/system sysdef -i	sysctl -a cat /etc/sysctl.confcat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc……………………………..	sysctl -a cat /etc/sysctl.confcat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc……………………………..	kctune (11i only) sysdef kmtune kmsystem /usr/sam/lbin/getkinfo -f /stand/vmunix -o /tmp/kernel.data	lsattr -EHl sys0 Note: only a few kernel parameters can be changed	display kernel parameters
build kernel	edit and update file then reboot: /etc/system	cd /usr/src/linux-2.5 edit Makefile (change EXTRAVERSION) make mrproper backup .config make xconfig make dep make bzImage make modules move new kernel make modules_install change lilo/grub config file reboot		cd /stand/build /usr/lbin/sysadm/system_prep -v -s system edit system file /usr/sbin/mk_kernel -s ./system mv /stand/system /stand/system.old mv /stand/vmunix /stand/vmunix.old mv /stand/build/system /stand mv /stand/build/vmunix_test /stand/vmunix reboot	chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value> Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example memory segments are dynamically adjusted	build kernel
interprocess communication	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	interprocess communication

Services

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display services	svcs -a svcs -l <service> svcs -vx inetadm -l	service –status-all	There is no services or chkconfig command use the old fashioned way /etc/init.d/<service>	There is no services or chkconfig command use the old fashioned way /sbin/init.d/<service>	lssrc -a	display services
start services	svcadm enable nfs	service nfs start			startsrc -s <subsystem> startsrc -g <group>	start services
stop services	svcadm disable nfs	service nfs stop			stopsrc -s <subsystem> stopsrc -g <group>	stop services
reload service	svcadm refresh nfs svcadm clear nfs (changes state)	service nfs reload			refresh -s <subsystem>	reload service
restart service	svcadm restart nfs	service nfs restart			stopsrc -s <subsystem> startsrc -s <subsystem>	restart service
service status	svcs nfs	service nfs staus			lssrc -a	service status
service dependencies	svcs -d network	n/a			n/a	service dependencies
service dependants	svcs -D network	n/a			n/a	service dependants
Service notifications	# change or add svccfg# verify or confirm svcprop
service logging, etc	/var/svc/log /var/svc/manifest /lib/svc/method /etc/svc/repository.db /system/volatile/svc_nonpersist.db	n/a			/var/adm/ras /etc/syslog.conf /etc/rc.tcpip	service logging, etc
change service startup	n/a	chkconfig –levels 2345 nfs on			n/a	change service startup
Add a new service	n/a	# Create your stop/start # script in /etc/init.dchkconfig –add <script>

Patching / Software

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display installed patches	showrev -p patchadd -p			swlist -l bundle swlist -l product swlist -l patch	instfix -ia	display installed patches
adding patch	patchadd patchadd -M <dir> (multiple patches)	patch -p1 <patch> zcat patch46.gz \| patch -p1 Note: -p = # of path stripping		swcopy (install patch into depot) swinstall (install patch from depot)Note: the swagentd daemon must be running	instfix -k	adding patch
removing patch	patchrm	patch -R -p1 <patch>		swremove	installp -r	removing patch
display installed packages	pkginfo (all packages) pkginfo -l (single package) pkgchk -l -p <file> (file belongs)# NEW IPS pkg list (all packages) pkg info (single package) pkg search (find packages and files)	rpm -qa (all packages) rpm -q (single package) rpm -qf (file belongs) rpm -qi <package> (very detailed)	dpkg -l dpkg -S <search string> (search) dpkg -S <filename> (file belongs) dpkg -s <package> (status) dpkg -p <package> (detailed)	swlist -l bundle <bundle> swlist -l product <product>## check a package swlist -s <full_path/software>	lslpp -L all (all filesets) lslpp -L <package> (single fileset) lslpp -w <file> (file belongs) lslpp -ha (history of filesets)rpm -qa (all packages) rpm -q (single package) rpm -qf (file belongs) rpm -qi <package> (very detailed) oslevel -g (install packkages above os level) whereis <filename> which_fileset <filename>	display installed packages
adding package	pkgadd # NEW IPS pkg install pkg update	rpm -Uhv (updates/installs if not already) rpm -ihv (install)	dpkg -i <package>	swinstall swinstall -s <full_path/software>	installp -a installp -c (cleanup after failed install)rpm -i geninstall (generic installer: installp, RPM, etc)	adding package
removing packages	pkgrm # NEW IPS pkg uninstall <package>	rpm -e <package>	dpkg -r <package> (do not remove config files) dpkg -P <package> (remove config files)	swremove	installp -u (commited packages) installp -r (applied packages)rpm -e <package> geninstall -u <package>	removing packages
verify package	pkginfo -l pkginfo -p# NEW IPS pkg publisher pkg verify <package>	rpm -V <package>	n/a	swverity <fileset> (see /var/adm/sw/swagent.log)	lppchk -v rpm -V <package>	verify package
List files in package	pkgchk -l <package> \| grep -i pathname # NEW IPS pkg contents <package>	rpm -ql <package>	dpkg -L <package> (list files)	swlist -l file <product>	lslpp -f <fileset> rpm -ql <package>	List files in package
Other package commands	# NEW IPS pkg history pkg purge-history pkg freeze pkg unfreeze pkg fix pkg refresh pkg publisher
Package directory	/var/sadm	/var/lib/rpm	/var/lib/dpkg/info	/var/adm/sw	/usr/lpp /var/lib/rpm	Package directory
List libraries required for binary program	ldd <file>	ldd <file>	ldd <file>	chatr <file>	ldd <file>	List libraries required for binary program

Accounts

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display users	cat /etc/passwd logins -x [-p]	cat /etc/passwd system-config-users (GUI)	cat /etc/passwd	cat /etc/passwd logins -x	cat /etc/passwd lsuser -f ALL (detailed)	display users
create a user	useradd # user defaults /usr/sadm/defadduser	useradd system-config-users (GUI)	useradd	useradd sam	mkuser useradd	create a user
remove a user	userdel	userdel system-config-users (GUI)	userdel	userdel sam	rmuser userdel	remove a user
modify a user	usermod	usermod system-config-users (GUI)	usermod	usermod sam	chuser -a usermod passwd -f passwd -s chfn <username> chfn <username><shell>	modify a user
change user password	passwd	passwd	passwd	passwd	passwd pwdadm pwdck -t ALL	change user password
create a group	groupadd	groupadd	groupadd	groupadd	mkgroup <group name>	create a group
remove a group	groupdel	groupdel	groupdel	groupdel	rmgroup <group name>	remove a group
modify a goup	groupmod	groupmod	groupmod	groupmod	chgroup <attribute><group name>	modify a goup
password files	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /tcb/files/auth/r/root (trusted system)	/etc/security/passwd	password files
useful user commands	id -a whoami who w finger logins -p	id -a whoami who w finger	id -a whoami who w finger	id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger	id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger# License information lslicense chlicense # Maximum number of processes for a user lsattr -D -l sys0 -a maxuproc chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=<number>	useful user commands
useful group commands	groups setpgrp newgrp	groups	groups	groups setprivgrp	groups setgroups lsgroup ALL	useful group commands
Password Policy	/etc/security/policy.conf /etc/default/passwd	/etc/login.defs
Password Aging	passwd	chage -l <user> chage <options> <user>

NFS

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
NFS Daemons	server: mountd, nfsd client: statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd, nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd, nfsd client: rpc.statd, rpc.lockd	NFS Daemons
NFS files	/etc/dfs/dfstab /etc/dfs/sharetab /etc/rmtab	/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab	/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab	/etc/exports /etc/xtab	/etc/exports /etc/xtab	NFS files
List nfs clients that have a remote mount	/etc/rmtab	/var/lib/nfs/rmtab	/var/lib/nfs/rmtab	/etc/rmtab	/etc/xtab	List nfs clients that have a remote mount
display nfs shares	dfshares showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	exportfs showmount -e localhost	display nfs shares
create nfs share	/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share) share <path>## dfstab example share -F nfs -d “jumpstart” /export/jumpstart	redhat-config-nfs (GUI) /etc/exports (edit and add share) /sbin/service nfs reload ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)	/etc/exports (edit and add share, see below example) exportfs -rav (export the shares)/etc/init.d/portmap restart /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)	/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit) /etc/exports (edit and add share) exportfs -a	mknfsexp -d <directory> mknfsmntshareall	create nfs share
uncreate nfs share	unshare <path> /etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share)	/etc/exports (edit and remove share) /sbin/service nfs reload	/etc/exports (edit and remove share) exportfs -rav (export the shares)	/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit) exportfs -au (unshare all) exportfs -u /home/vallep /etc/exports (edit and remove share)	rmnfsexp -d <directory> (unshares and removes from file) exportfs -u <filesystem> unshareall	uncreate nfs share
start/change nfs daemons	/etc/init.d/nfs.server start /etc/init.d/nfs.client startsvcadm enable nfs/server svcadm disable nfs/server	/sbin/service nfs start	/etc/init.d/portmap start /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start	/sbin/init.d/nfs.core start /sbin/init.d/nfs.server start /sbin/init.d/nfs.client start	mknfs chnfsstartsrc -s nfsd startsrc -s rpc.mountd	start/change nfs daemons
stop nfs daemons	/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop /etc/init.d/nfs.client stop	/sbin/service nfs stop	/etc/init.d/portmap stop /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server stop	/sbin/init.d/nfs.client stop /sbin/init.d/nfs.server stop /sbin/init.d/nfs.core stop	rmnfs stopsrc -s nfsd stopsrc -s rpc.mountd	stop nfs daemons
nfs status	ps -ef\|grep < nfs daemons>	/sbin/service nfs status	/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status	ps -ef \| grep <nfs daemons>	lssrc -a \|grep -i nfs	nfs status
nfs reload	shareall	/sbin/service nfs reload	exportfs -rav (export the shares)	exportfs -a	exportfs -av	nfs reload
nfs performanace	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfs performanace
nfs Options	n/a	cat /var/lib/nfs/etab	cat /var/lib/nfs/etab	n/a	nfso -a nfso -o <option>=<value>exportfs (display options)	nfs Options
solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)	## Make sure you use NFS version 3 mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount> <mountpoint>	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)

NTP

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Time daemons	xntpd	ntpd	ntpd	xntpd	xntpd	Time daemons
ntp setup	# Solaris 8 /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.server /etc/ntp.client/etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start\|stop] # Solaris 10 /etc/inet/ntp.server /etc/inet/ntp.client svcadm enable ntpd	/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers) dateconfig (GUI)chkconfig –list ntpd chkconfig –level 2345 ntpd on /sbin/service ntpd start	/etc/default/ntp /etc/ntp.conf/etc/init.d/ntp [start\|stop\|restart]	/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons (set XNTPD to 1) /etc/ntp.conf	/etc/ntp.conf startsrc -s xntpd stopsrc -s xntpd lslpp -L all\|grep xntpd	ntp setup
ntp daemon options	/lib/svc/method/xntp	/etc/sysconfig/ntpd	/etc/default/ntp	/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons	startsrc -s xntpd -a “-x” /etc/rc.tcpip	ntp daemon options
NTP Trace commands	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntpdate (set the date)	ntpq -p ntptrace ntpdate	NTP Trace commands

Log Files

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
messages	/var/adm/messages	/var/log/messages	/var/log/messages	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log	/var/adm/ras	messages
syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log	/var/adm/ras	syslog
mail		/var/log/mail	/var/log/mail.*	/var/adm/syslog/mail.log	/usr/spool/mqueue/syslog	mail
cron	/var/cron/log	/var/log/cron	/var/log/cron.log	/var/adm/cron/log	/var/adm/cron/log	cron
boot	/var/adm/messages dmesg	/var/log/boot dmesg	/var/log/boot dmesg	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log dmesg	/var/adm/ras alog -o -t boot alog -o -t console alog -L (list all the logs available)	boot
Error logging	logger	logger	logger	logger	/usr/lib/errdemon -l (display attributes) /usr/lib/errdemon (start error logging) /usr/lib/errstop (stop error logging)# use with above errorlog file errpt (summary errorlog report) errpt -a (detailed errorlog report) errpt -j <identifier> (single errorlog report) errclear (clears errorlog) errclear -d <class><days> (clears class errors) errlogger “message upto 230 chars”	Error logging

Security

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Checking the passwd file	pwck	pwck	pwck	pwck	pwdck -t ALL usrck -t ALL	Checking the passwd file
checking the group file	grpck	grpck	grpck	grpck	grpck	checking the group file
console login (allow/deny)	# Solaris 10 (no reboot) /etc/default/login# Solaris 11 (no reboot) /etc/default/login /etc/user_attr (see below) rolemod -K type=normal root	# No reboot required /etc/securetty	# No reboot required /etc/securetty	# No reboot required /etc/securettyNote: you may need to create this file if it does not exist	# No reboot required /etc/security/userchsec -f /etc/security/user -s root	console login (allow/deny)

Misc

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
startup	eeprom setenv boot-device	grub (GUI) lilo (text based)	grub (GUI)	setboot -p <primary path> setboot -a <alternate path># autoboot sequnce setboot -b [on\|off]	bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1	startup
shutdown	shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down) shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot) shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt)reboot — -r (reboot/reconfigure) touch /reconfigure	shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -f (fast reboot no fsck) shutdown -F (force fsck)	shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -P (power off)touch /forcefsck # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes	shutdown -h now (halt) shutdown -r now(reboot)	shutdown -F (fast shutdown) shutdown -Fr (fast shutdown and reboot)	shutdown
Change run level	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit uadmin	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit	init reboot shutdown	init shutdown reboot telinit halt	Change run level
init status 0 1 2 3 4 5 6	0 – shutdown 1 – single user 2 – n/a 3 – Multi-user 4 – n/a 5 – power off 6 – reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab	0 – halt 1 – single user 2 – multiuser (no networking) 3 – multiuser (networking) 4 – unused 5 – GUI 6 – reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab	0 – halt 1 – single user 2 – multiuser (default) 3 – same as 2 4 – same as 2 5 – same as 2 6 – reboot# change default – change all the telinit vi /etc/event.d/rc-default	0 – halt 1 – single users 2 – multiuser (networking) 3 – multiuser (networking, NFS, and CDE GUI) (default) 4 – multiuser (netwrking, NFS, and VUE GUI) 5 – n/a 6 – n/a # change default – change the initdefault line vi /etc/inittab	0 – reserved 1 – reserved 2 – multiuser mode with NFS 3 – user defined 4 – user defined 5 – user defined 6 – user defined 7-9 – user defined# change default – change the initdefault line vi /etc/inittab	init status 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Startup options	boot <option> # Options -s single user -a interactive -x no device drivers (used in clustering) -r reconfigure devices -m milestone	single – use grub to edit kernel line emergency – use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue – use at the boot promptsingle: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage	single – use grub to edit kernel line emergency – use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue – use at the boot promptsingle: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage	interact with IPL? Y # single user ISL> hpux -is # Logical volume maintanence mode ISL> hpux -lm # No quroum check ISL> hpux -lq	Based on 9114-275 workstation 1. switch off the machine 2. power on and enter the SMS menu Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1 after the word keyboard but before the word speaker	Startup options
startup scripts	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d – /etc/rc6.d	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d – /etc/rc6.d	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d – /etc/rc6.d	/sbin/init.d /etc/rc.config.d (startup config files)/sbin/rc0.d – /sbin/rc6.d	/etc/rc.d /etc/rc.d/init.d/etc/rc.d/rc2.d – rc9.d /etc/rc.* (config files for auto-starting) also uses the System Resource Controller	startup scripts
boot prompt commands	boot printenv setenv banner devalias show-devs show-pci-devs-all probe-scsi-all probe-fcal-all probe-pci watch-net-all reset-all	F10 or F12	F10 or F12	interact with IPL? Y	Based on a 9114-275 workstation 1. switch off the machine 2. power on and enter the SMS menu Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1 after the word keyboard but before the word speaker	boot prompt commands
Boot process	Phases: Boot PROM: displays system information, run POST, load bootblk, locate ufsboot Boot Programs: bootblk loads and executes the ufsboot Kernel Initialization: ufsboot loads and executes the core kernel, initializes core kernel data structures, loads other kernel modules based on the/etc/system file, starts/sbin/init program init: starts other processes based on the /etc/inittab file	Boot sequence BIOS POST Master Boot Record (MBR) – point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO GRUB (stage 1) – point to GRUB stage 1_5 GRUB (stage 1_5) – deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files GRUB (stage 2) – reads /etc/grub.conf and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files KERNEL – control given to the kernel INIT – reads /etc/inittab and runs /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script	Boot sequence BIOS POST Master Boot Record (MBR) – point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO GRUB (stage 1) – point to GRUB stage 1_5 GRUB (stage 1_5) – deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files GRUB (stage 2) – reads /boot/grub/menu.lst and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files KERNEL – control given to the kernel INIT – runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default script	Phases: PDC – processor-dependent code; executes and performs self-tests ISL – initial system loader; loads the secondary system loader hpux HPUX – is the secondary system loader and loads the kernel /stand/vmunix, then hands over to the kernel KERNEL – swapper processes are started by the kernel then starts the init process INIT – reads /etc/inittab	Phases: Read Only Storage (ROS): check the system board, perform POST, locate and load boot image, begin system initialization and execute phase 1 of the /etc/rc.boot script Base Device Configuration: start configuration manager to configue base devices System Boot: start init process phase 2, switch to hard-disk root filesystem, start other processes defined by /etc/inittab and execute phase 3 of the /etc/rc.boot script	Boot process
Boot Environments (BE)	bootadm list-archive bootadm update-archive bootadm list-menu bootadm set-menu <option>beadm create beadm rename beadm activate beadm list beadm destroy
determine the run level	who -r	runlevel who -r	runlevel who -r	who -r	who -r	determine the run level
obtain default run level	cat /etc/inittab	cat /etc/inittab	/etc/event.d/rc-default	/etc/inittab	/etc/inittab	obtain default run level
list locale	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	list locale
start xwindows	n/a	startx (shorthand of below) initx (lots of parms)		n/a	n/a	start xwindows
initialize system	sys-unconfig			set_parms [initial\|hostname\|ip_address\|timezone] Note: set_parms is in /sbin	install_assist	initialize system
Timezone	/etc/TIMEZONE /etc/default/init	/etc/sysconfig/clock /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab	/etc/timezone /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab	/etc/TIMEZONE	/etc/environment /etc/profile	Timezone